Using Causal Bayesian Networks to Assess the Role of Patient-Centered Care and Psychosocial Factors on Durable HIV Viral Suppression.

We assessed the role of patient-centered care on durable viral suppression (i.e., all viral load test results < 200 copies per ml during 2019) by conducting a retrospective cohort study of clients medically case managed by the Miami-Dade County Ryan White Program (RWP). Summary measures of patient-centered care practices of RWP-affiliated providers were obtained from a survey of 1352 clients. Bayesian network models analyzed the complex relationship between psychosocial and patient-centered care factors. Of 5037 clients, 4135 (82.1%) had durable viral suppression. Household income was the factor most strongly associated with durable viral suppression. Further, mean healthcare relationship score and mean "provider knows patient as a person" score were both associated with durable viral suppression. Healthcare relationship score moderated the association between low household income and lack of durable viral suppression. Although patient-centered care supports patient HIV care success, wrap around support is also needed for people with unmet psychosocial needs.

RESUMEN: Evaluamos el rol de la atención centrada en el paciente en la supresión viral duradera (es decir, todos los resultados de las pruebas de carga viral < 200 copias por ml durante 2019) mediante la realización de un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de clientes manejados médicamente por el Programa Ryan White del condado de Miami-Dade (RWP). Se obtuvieron medidas resumidas de las prácticas de atención centradas en el paciente de los proveedores afiliados a RWP usando una encuesta de 1352 clientes. Los modelos de redes bayesianos analizaron la relación compleja entre los factores psicosociales y de atención centrada en el paciente. De 5037 clientes, 4135 (82,1%) tenían una supresión viral duradera. Los ingresos del hogar fueron el factor asociado con la supresión viral duradera más fuerte. Además, la puntuación promedia de la relación con proveedores de atención médica y la puntuación promedia de "el proveedor conoce al paciente como persona" fueron asociados con una supresión viral duradera. La puntuación de la relación con proveedores de atención médica moderó la asociación entre los ingresos bajos del hogar y la falta de supresión viral duradera. Aunque la atención centrada en el paciente apoya el éxito de la atención médica del VIH, también se necesita un apoyo integral para las personas con necesidades psicosociales insatisfechas.

Acceptability and Feasibility of a Tai Chi/Qigong Intervention for Older People Living With HIV.

Tai chi/qigong (TCQ) is a low impact, meditative movement with breathwork that may benefit people with HIV (PWH) over 50 years old. This study is a feasibility clinical trial of a remote TCQ intervention for older PWH. Participants (n = 48) were recruited via clinic sites and social media and randomized to a TCQ, sham qigong, or wait-list control group. The 12-week intervention included fourteen 45-60-minute sessions. Acceptability (satisfaction, attitudes, practice, attendance) and feasibility (retention rate, adverse events, remote delivery) data were surveyed. Overall retention rate was 72.9%, but 81.2% for the TCQ group. Most TCQ participants attended at least 10 sessions (62.5%) and were practicing TCQ after 2 weeks (72.7%). Over 92% of TCQ participants reported satisfaction and positive attitudes and preferred remote versus in person delivery (63.6%). Two mild intervention related adverse events occurred. Findings suggest that a remote TCQ intervention is acceptable, feasible, and safe among older PWH.

RESUMEN: Tai chi/qigong (TCQ) es un movimiento meditativo de bajo impacto con ejercicios de respiración que puede beneficiar personas que viven con VIH (PVV) mayores de 50 años. Este estudio es un ensayo clínico de viabilidad que evalúa una intervención de TCQ administrada remotamente para personas mayores que viven con VIH. Participaron personas (n = 48) reclutadas en clínicas y redes sociales, asignadas aleatoriamente a un grupo de TCQ, qigong falso, o control en lista de espera. La intervención duró 12 semanas con catorce sesiones de 45 a 60 minutos. Se encuestaron datos sobre aceptabilidad (satisfacción, actitudes, práctica, asistencia) y viabilidad (retención, eventos adversos, entrega remota). La tasa de retención general fue del 72,9%, pero del 81,2% para el grupo de TCQ. La mayoría de los participantes de TCQ asistieron a al menos 10 sesiones (62,5%) y continuaron practicando después de 2 semanas (72,7%). La satisfacción y las actitudes positivas hacia la intervención fueron reportadas por más del 92% de los participantes de TCQ quienes prefirieron la participación remota contra clases en persona (63,6%). Dos eventos adversos leves relacionados con la intervención ocurrieron. Los resultados sugieren que una intervención de TCQ administrada de forma remota es aceptable, viable y seguro para personas mayores que viven con VIH.

A Systematic Review of the Impact of HIV-Related Stigma and Serostatus Disclosure on Retention in Care and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Women with HIV in the United States/Canada.

This systematic review explores the roles of HIV stigma and disclosure of HIV serostatus in antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and retention in care (RIC) among women with HIV (WHIV) in the United States and Canada. We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Google scholar) to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 1996 and December 2022. The search yielded 1120 articles after duplicates were removed. Of these, 27 articles met the inclusion criteria. The majority (89%) of the studies were conducted in the United States. The studies included WHIV from diverse racial/ethnic groups, residing in both urban and rural areas. Most of the studies suggested that internalized stigma, perceived community stigma, and fear of disclosure were important barriers to ART adherence and RIC among WHIV. HIV-related stigma experienced within the health care setting was also reported as a factor impacting health care utilization. A few studies identified mental health distress as a potential mechanism accounting for the association and suggested that social support and resilience may buffer the negative effects of stigma and disclosure on ART adherence and RIC among WHIV. Our review indicates that stigma and concerns about disclosure continue to significantly affect HIV health outcomes for WHIV in high-income countries. It underscores the importance of integrated HIV care services and interventions targeting mental health, resilience building, and improved patient-provider relationships for WHIV to enhance ART adherence and RIC. Longitudinal studies and investigations into additional mechanisms are needed to advance understanding and inform women-centered interventions.

Patient-Provider Relationships and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Durable Viral Suppression Among Women with HIV, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2021-2022.

Women with HIV in the United States are more negatively affected by adverse social determinants such as low education and poverty than men, and thus, especially need a supportive health care system. This cross-sectional study assessed the role of the patient-provider relationship on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and durable viral suppression among women with HIV (WHIV) in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Patient-provider relationship was measured, in part, using the Health Care Relationship Trust Scale and Consumer Assessment of Health Care Providers and Systems. The survey was administered by telephone to women in the Ryan White Program June 2021-March 2022. Adherence was defined as 90% adherent on the average of three self-reported items. Lack of durable viral suppression was defined by at least one viral load ≥200 copies/mL among all tests conducted in a year. Logistic regression models were generated using backward stepwise modeling. Of 560 cis-gender women, 401 (71.6%) were adherent, and 450 (80.4%) had durable viral suppression. In the regression model, adherence was associated with higher patient-provider trust and provider communication as well as excellent perceived health, lack of significant depressive symptoms, no alcohol use within the last 30 days, and lack of transportation problems. In the regression model using provider as a random effect, durable viral suppression was associated with older age, Hispanic ethnicity, and lack of illegal drug use. While the results show that a strong patient-provider relationship facilitates ART adherence in WHIV, there was no association with durable viral suppression.

A Content Analysis of HIV-Related Stigmatizing Language in the Scientific Literature, From 2010-2020: Findings and Recommendations for Editorial Policy.

Despite negative effects of HIV-related stigma on people with HIV, some scientific literature continues to use stigmatizing terms. Our study aimed to explore the use of HIV-related stigmatizing language in the scientific literature between 2010 and 2020 based on 2015 UNAIDS terminology guidelines. We searched for articles with the stigmatizing term "HIV/AIDS-infected" or any variations that were peer-reviewed, published between 2010 and 2020, and in English or with an English translation. Our search yielded 26,476 articles that used the stigmatizing term of interest. Frequencies on the variables of interest (journal, year, and country) were run. The use of these terms increased from 2010 to 2017 and decreased from 2018 to 2020. Most journals using the terms were HIV/AIDS specific or on infectious diseases, but the journal with the greatest frequency of use was on general science and medicine. Thirty-six percent of the articles emanated from the United States. To reduce the use of stigmatizing language in the HIV literature, action should be taken by authors, reviewers, editors,educators, and publishers should create formal policies promoting use of non-stigmatizing language.

Changes in frequency of cannabis use among people with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-methods study to explore the underlying reasons for change.

Background: People with HIV (PWH) report higher rates of cannabis use than the general population. It is unclear how cannabis use among PWH has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the implications for the health and wellbeing of PWH.Objectives: To describe changes in frequency of cannabis use among a sample of PWH during the pandemic, reasons for those changes, and implications of the findings.Methods: The data are cross-sectional and come from questions asked in a follow-up phone survey administered to a prospective cohort of PWH in Florida between May 2020 and March 2021. Participants who used cannabis were asked about changes in their frequency of cannabis use in a quantitative survey and reasons for changes in a qualitative open-ended question. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: Among 227 PWH (mean age 50, 50% men, 69% Black/African American, 14% Hispanic/Latino), 13% decreased frequency of cannabis, 11% increased frequency, and 76% reported no change. The most common reasons for increasing frequency of cannabis use were reducing anxiety/stress, trying to relax, coping with grief or reducing symptoms of depression, and reducing boredom during the pandemic. Supply or access issues, health concerns, and having already wanted to reduce cannabis use were common reasons for decreased frequency.Conclusion: Nearly 25% of the sample changed their cannabis use frequency during the pandemic. These findings shed light on the behaviors and motivations of PWH who use cannabis and can inform clinical practice and interventions during public health emergencies and beyond.

A Qualitative Exploration of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Hispanic/Latine and African American and Black Middle-Aged and Older Adults in South Florida.

Racial and ethnic health disparities are more conspicuous in the United States since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While the urgency of these disparities was already alarming, the pandemic has exacerbated longstanding issues in health equity, disproportionate impacts, and social determinants of health. Vaccine hesitancy was a crucial factor during the U.S. COVID-19 vaccination campaign. We conducted a qualitative exploration of vaccine hesitancy through thematic analysis of four focus groups with Hispanic/Latine and African American/Black adults and senior citizens (N=23). The focus groups were conducted between February and April of 2021, in both English and Spanish. All participants (mean age=66.2, female 78.3%) were recruited by community-based organizations in the South Florida area. We explored six categories: (1) barriers to prevention and preventive behaviors, (2) barriers to vaccination against COVID-19, (3) facilitators of prevention and preventative behaviors, (4) facilitators of vaccination against COVID-19, (5) trusted sources of information, and (6) suggested macrolevel measures. These categories are discussed vis-à-vis COVID-19 disparities among racial and ethnic minorities. Implications for public health policy and future vaccination campaigns are outlined and discussed.

Comorbidities among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Florida: a network analysis.

People living with HIV (PLWH) experience a higher rate of age-related comorbidities at younger ages. Understanding common comorbidities among PLWH and their relationship to one another could be significant in improving aging for PLWH. The goal of the present study is to identify the most common comorbidities among PLWH and the relationship between them using network analysis. We used abstracted electronic medical record (EMR) data of PLWH from the Florida Cohort study, a prospective cohort study conducted in eight cities in Florida, USA. We used International Classification of Diseases (10th revision, ICD-10) code to classify comorbidities and organ systems. Network analysis was conducted to determine the degree and betweenness centrality among comorbidities. We included 756 PLWH with an average age of 46.4 years (SD 11.3) in the analysis. Infectious diseases (A00-B99, 50.8%), mental and behavioural (F01-F99, 47.0%), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic (E00-E88, 45.2%), and circulatory (I00-I99, 39%) disorders were the most prevalent system comorbidities among PLWH. Hypertensive disorder (I10-I1635.8%), dyslipidaemia (E78, 25.7%) and major depressive disorder (F32-F33, 23.9%) were the most common non-infectious conditions affecting PLWH. Viral hepatitis (B15-B19, 17.1%) and syphilis (A15-A53, 12%) were the most common coinfections among PLWH. Hypertension, dyslipidaemia and major depressive disorder were the most central of the comorbidities among PLWH. Comorbidities among PLWH were most prevalent for chronic disease and mental illness. Targeting shared disease risk factors in addition to monitoring known pathological pathways may prevent comorbidities among PLWH.

Marijuana Use and Health Outcomes in Persons Living With HIV: Protocol for the Marijuana Associated Planning and Long-term Effects (MAPLE) Longitudinal Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Marijuana use is common in persons with HIV, but there is limited evidence of its relationship with potential health benefits or harms. OBJECTIVE: The Marijuana Associated Planning and Long-term Effects (MAPLE) study was designed to evaluate the impact of marijuana use on HIV-related health outcomes, cognitive function, and systemic inflammation. METHODS: The MAPLE study is a longitudinal cohort study of participants living with HIV who were recruited from 3 locations in Florida and were either current marijuana users or never regular marijuana users. At enrollment, participants completed questionnaires that included detailed marijuana use assessments, underwent interviewer-administered neurocognitive assessments, and provided blood and urine samples. Ongoing follow-ups included brief telephone assessments (every 3 months), detailed questionnaires (annually), repeated blood and urine samples (2 years), and linkage to medical records and statewide HIV surveillance data. Supplemental measures related to intracellular RNA, COVID-19, Alzheimer disease, and the gut microbiome were added after study initiation. RESULTS: The MAPLE study completed enrollment of 333 persons between 2018 and 2021. The majority of participants in the sample were ≥50 years of age (200/333, 60.1%), male (181/333, 54.4%), cisgender men (173/329, 52.6%), non-Hispanic Black (221/333, 66.4%), and self-reported marijuana users (260/333, 78.1%). Participant follow-up was completed in 2022, with annual updates to HIV surveillance data through at least 2027. CONCLUSIONS: The MAPLE study is the largest cohort specifically designed to understand the use of marijuana and its effects on HIV-related outcomes. The study population has significant diversity across age, sex, gender, and race. The data will help clinicians and public health officials to better understand patterns of marijuana use associated with both positive and negative health outcomes, and may inform recommendations for future clinical trials related to medical marijuana and HIV. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/37153.

Gay Neighborhoods: Can They Be Identified in a Systematic Way Using Latent Class Analysis?

Identifying gay neighborhoods could help in targeting HIV prevention efforts for men who have sex with men. This study's purpose was to identify gay neighborhoods using latent class analysis (LCA). Data at the ZIP code level were drawn from the American Community Survey, website lists of gay bars and neighborhoods, and the Florida Department of Health HIV surveillance system. A two-class model was selected based on fit. About 9% of the ZIP code data was in class two, which was designated as gay neighborhoods. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to examine agreement between the classification of ZIP codes from LCA and websites. Fair agreement was found (0.2501). Gay neighborhoods could serve as a place to disseminate information about pre-exposure prophylaxis and other methods for HIV prevention. Improved measures, such as the planned question about same-sex spouses for the 2020 US Census, are needed to identify gay neighborhoods in population-level surveys.

Acting with awareness moderates the association between lifetime exposure to interpersonal traumatic events and craving via trauma symptoms: a moderated indirect effects model.

BACKGROUND: History of exposure to traumatic events (ETE) is common among women in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment and is related to craving. We examined whether ETE (i.e., emotional, physical, sexual abuse) in childhood, adulthood, or both is related to craving via trauma symptoms and how trait mindfulness might attenuate this association. METHODS: Baseline data from a larger randomized clinical trial of a mindfulness-based intervention for women (N = 245) in SUD treatment were used. Inclusion criteria were: 18-65 years of age, SUD diagnosis, English fluency, no cognitive impairment, and willingness to be audio recorded and provide consent. Demographics and validated measures of ETE, posttraumatic stress symptoms, trait mindfulness, and substance use craving were collected via in-person interviews. Descriptive statistics, correlational analysis, and relative direct, indirect, and conditional indirect effects models were run. RESULTS: Most participants identified as Hispanic (58.5%), had at least a high school education (52.2%), with a mean age of 32.2. Women reported ETE in childhood only (20.4%), adulthood only (17.5%), both childhood and adulthood (50.0%), and never (11.4%). Compared to women with ETE in both childhood and adulthood, those with exposure in adulthood only (ß = -.10, 95% CI = -.20, -.02) or no exposure (ß = -.11, 95% CI = -.23, -.03; [∆R2= .347, F(8, 245) = 15.7, p < .001) had lower craving via lower trauma symptomatology but no difference when compared to those with ETE only in childhood. Acting with awareness moderated this indirect effect (∆R2 = .04, F(3, 245) = 4.66, p = .004. At low levels of awareness, women with ETE during both childhood and adulthood reported higher craving via trauma symptomatology than women with no exposure or only adulthood exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of acting with awareness may worsen trauma symptoms after ETE, which in turn may lead to more craving for women in substance use treatment. Despite a small moderating effect size, acting with awareness may have clinical significance due to the prevalence of trauma symptoms among women in SUD treatment.

HIV Care Access During the COVID-19 Pandemic as Perceived by Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups Served by the Ryan White Program, Miami-Dade County, Florida.

The Ryan White Program (RWP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida made several modifications to keep HIV care accessible during the COVID-19 Pandemic, including expanding telehealth services, increasing access to HIV medications, and waiving required lab tests for service recertification. We assessed ease of access to medical providers, medical case managers, and antiretroviral medications during the COVID-19 Pandemic among 298 Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Haitian people with HIV (PWH) served by the RWP Part A, Miami-Dade County, Florida using a telephone-administered survey between October 2020 and January 2021. Overall, most clients reported similar or better access compared to before the Pandemic. Use of videocalls to communicate with HIV medical providers varied by race/ethnicity: Hispanics (49.6%), Non-Hispanic Blacks (37.7%), and Haitian clients (16.0%). Results suggest the modifications helped maintain access to care during an unprecedented health crisis. Permanently adopting many of these modifications should be considered to continue to facilitate access to care.

Changes in Mental Health Among People with HIV During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative and Quantitative Perspectives.

People with HIV (PWH) are at risk for adverse mental health outcomes, which could be elevated during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study describes reasons for changes in mental health among PWH during the pandemic. Data come from closed- and open-ended questions about mental health changes from a follow-up to a cohort study on PWH in Florida during part of the COVID-19 pandemic (May 2020-March 2021). Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Among the total sample of 227 PWH (mean age 50.0, 49.7% men, 69.2% Black/African American, 14.1% Hispanic/Latino), 30.4% reported worsened mental health, 8.4% reported improved mental health, and 61.2% reported no change. The primary reasons for worsened mental health were concerns about COVID-19, social isolation, and anxiety/stress; reasons for improved mental health included increased focus on individual wellness. Nearly one-third of the sample experienced worsened mental health. These results provide support for increased mental health assessments in HIV treatment settings.

Examining the Psychometrics of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Measure for Community HIV-Related Stigma.

The research tested the psychometrics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) community HIV-related stigma scale. Data was from men who have sex with men (MSM) NHBS cycles conducted 2011-2017 in Miami-Dade, Florida among n = 1455 participants. MSM were cis-gender male, 18+ years old, reported lifetime oral/anal sex with a male, and lived in Miami-Dade County. We assessed reliability using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega, determined factors using principal factor analysis, and assessed construct validity using five a priori hypotheses. The scale was unidimensional, had questionable internal reliability (α = 0.68, ω = 0.69), and met four of five a priori hypotheses in the expected direction. Correlations were medium-weak in strength and only one was consistently met. Future iterations of the NHBS survey should consider replacing the 4-item community HIV-related stigma scale with an instrument that has superior internal reliability, measures multiple HIV-related stigma dimensions, and demonstrates stronger evidence of validity.

RESUMEN: La investigación evaluó la psicometrías de la escala comunitaria de estigma relacionada con el VIH de La Vigilancia del Comportamiento Nacional del VIH de los Centros de Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, NHBS por sus siglas en Ingles). Los datos fueron de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) ciclos NHBS realizados 2011­2027 en Miami-Dade, Florida entre n = 1455 participantes. Los HSH eran hombres cisgénero, mayores de 18 años, reportando haber tenido sexo oral/anal de toda la vida con un hombre y vivían en el condado de Miami-Dale. Evaluamos la confiabilidad usando el alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald, determinamos los factores usando el análisis de factores principales y evaluamos la validez de constructo usando cinco hipótesis a priori. La escala era unidimensional, tenía una fiabilidad interna cuestionable (α = 0.68, ω = 0.69), y cumplía cuatro de cinco hipótesis a priori en la dirección esperada. Las correlaciones fueron de intensidad media-débil y solo una se cumplió de manera consistente. Las iteraciones futuras de la encuesta NHBS debería considerar reemplazar la escala comunitaria de estigma relacionada con el VIH de 4 ítems por un instrumento que tenga una confiabilidad interna superior, mida múltiples dimensiones del estigma relacionado con el VIH y demuestre una evidencia mas solida de validez.

Condom use likelihood within the context of PrEP and TasP among men who have sex with men in Florida: a short report.

Despite the development of targeted interventions for men who have sex with men, this population continues to comprise the majority of new HIV diagnoses. Though condoms are highly efficacious, some sexually active MSM use sero-sorting as a method of HIV prevention. This study aimed to characterize: (1) differences between partner sero-status and condom use likelihood, and (2) demographic, behavioral, and knowledge-related factors influencing condom use likelihood with varying sero-status partners. Using convenience sampling, 150 sexual and gender minority men completed a survey on PrEP and sexual behaviors. The majority of participants identified as racial/ethnic minorities (51.7%), having 4 years of college or more (52.0%), and being HIV-negative (not on PrEP) (68.8%). Our sample reported the lowest average condom use likelihood with a partner on PrEP (2.93 ± 1.39) and the highest average likelihood with an HIV-positive partner (unknown VL) (4.57 ± 0.98). Age, race/ethnicity, education, HIV-status, and HIV and PrEP knowledge were significantly associated with differences in condom use likelihood. Our findings elucidate the complexity of sero-sorting scenarios and decision-making processes in the context of biomedical HIV prevention. These results may provide insight for future condom use and sero-sorting interventions in the context of biomedical HIV prevention.

Provider Perceptions of Barriers to HIV Care Among Women with HIV in Miami-Dade County, Florida, and Possible Solutions: A Qualitative Study.

In Miami-Dade County, women with HIV (WWH) enrolled in Ryan White Program (RWP) services belong to groups that have historically faced structural barriers to care. To examine provider perceptions of WWH's barriers to care and elicit possible solutions, we conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 20) with medical case managers and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) healthcare providers from medical case management sites serving WWH enrolled in the Miami-Dade RWP. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed thematically by two coders through an iterative process; disagreements were resolved through consensus. Barriers included lack of disclosure and stigma, additional psychosocial barriers to care, structural and logistical barriers, and negative interactions with health care providers. Participant suggestions to address these barriers included strategies that support women and foster individualized services that are responsive to their lived experiences and needs. Other solutions, such as those related to transportation, housing, and general funding for the RWP, will require advocacy and policy change.

Incarceration History and HIV Care Among Individuals Living with HIV in Florida, 2014-2018.

The present study examines the HIV continuum of care outcomes among people living with HIV (PLWH) who have either recent (< 12-months) or distal (> 12-months) incarceration history compared to those without an incarceration history. A self-administered survey (as part of the Florida Cohort Study (n = 932)) was used to collect data on demographic information, linkage to care, retention in care, HIV medication adherence, viral suppression, and incarceration history. Those with recent incarceration history were least likely to report HIV medication adherence greater than or equal to 95% of the time (χ2 = 8.79; p = 0.0124), always take their medications as directed (χ2 = 15.29; p = 0.0005), and to have durable viral suppression (χ2 = 16.65; p = 0.0002) compared to those distally or never incarcerated. In multivariable analyses, those never and distally incarcerated had greater odds of care linkage ([vs recently incarcerated] AOR = 2.58; CI: 1.31, 5.07; p = 0.0063, AOR = 2.09; CI: 1.11, 3.95; p = 0.0228, respectively). Those never incarcerated had greater odds of taking ART as directed ([vs recently incarcerated] AOR = 2.53; CI: 1.23 - 5.19; p = 0.0116). PLWH with an incarceration history may need more on-going monitoring and follow-up HIV care than those without previous incarceration regardless of when incarceration occurred.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio examina el cuidado continuo entre las personas que viven con VIH (PVVS) con antecedentes penales recientes (en los últimos 12 meses) o más (> 12 meses) en comparación con aquellos sin antecedentes penales. Se utilizaron datos del Estudio de Cohorte de la Florida (n = 932). Se utilizó una encuesta auto administrada para recopilar datos sobre variables demográficas, vínculo al cuidado, retención al cuidado, adherencia a medicamentos contra el VIH, supresión viral e historial de encarcelamiento. Aquellos con antecedentes penales recientes fueron menos probable de reportar adherencia a medicamentos contra el VIH, mayor o igual a, el 95% de las ocasiones (χ2 = 8.79; p = 0.0124), tomando siempre sus medicamentos según las instrucciones (χ2 = 15.29; p = 0.0005), y tener una supresión viral duradera (χ2 = 16.65; p = 0.0002) en comparación con los encarcelados en el pasado o nunca encarcelados. En los análisis multivariables, aquellos que nunca fueron encarcelados y aquellos que estuvieron encarcelados hace mucho tiempo atrás tuvieron mayor probabilidad de estar vinculados con el cuidado médico ([en contraste con aquellos recientemente encarcelados]AOR = 2.58; CI: 1.31, 5.07; p = 0.0063, AOR = 2.09; CI: 1.11, 3.95; p = 0.0228, respectivamente). Aquellos que nunca fueron encarcelados tuvieron mayor probabilidad de tomar la TAR según indicado ([en contraste con aquellos recientemente encarcelados] AOR = 2.53; CI: 1.23 ­ 5.19; p = 0.0116). PVVS con historial de encarcelamiento necesitan más monitoreo y cuidado de seguimiento continuo en comparación con aquellos sin encarcelaciones previas, independientemente de cuando ocurrió el encarcelamiento.

Change in marijuana use and its associated factors among persons living with HIV (PLWH) during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a prospective cohort.

BACKGROUND: Emerging literature shows increased drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, limited research has examined the change in marijuana use among persons living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to investigate how marijuana use changed in a cohort of PLWH during the first year of the pandemic and identify factors associated with the change. METHOD: 222 PLWH (mean age = 50.2 ± 11.2, 50.9 % female, 14.5 % Hispanic, 64.7 % Black, 15.8 % White, 5 % other, 80.2 % persons using marijuana [at least weekly use], 19.8 % persons not using marijuana) completed a baseline survey on demographics and behavioral/health characteristics between 2018 and 2020 and a brief phone survey between May and October 2020 that assessed changes in marijuana use and overall/mental health, and perceived risks/benefits of marijuana use during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: During the pandemic, 64/222(28.8 %) of the whole sample reported increased marijuana use, 36(16.2 %) reported decreased use, and 122(55 %) reported no change. Multinomial logistic regression results indicated that: Compared to those reporting no change, increased marijuana use during the pandemic was associated with more frequent marijuana use and PTSD symptoms at baseline, worsened mental health during the pandemic, and not perceiving marijuana use as a risk factor for COVID-19 infection. More frequent marijuana use at baseline was the only factor significantly associated with decreased marijuana use during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in changes in marijuana use among a considerable proportion (45 %) of PLWH. Future research is needed to understand the temporality of the increases in marijuana use with worsening mental health.

Development and Validation of the Community PrEP-Related Stigma Scale (Community-PSS).

Despite increasing availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), HIV prevention efforts have stalled. It is important to study potential barriers to HIV prevention methods, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis stigma. This study aims to develop and validate the Community PrEP-related Stigma Scale (Community-PSS) to address gaps in the literature. Participants were 108 sexual and gender minority men recruited through virtual and community-posted advertisements in Florida. The authors assessed reliability using Cronbach's alpha analysis, determined scale components using principal component analysis, and assessed construct validity based on five a priori hypotheses. The scale had high internal consistency (α = 0.86) and four components (stigma of actions outside of sex, stigma of sexual actions, extreme stigma perceptions, and positive community perception). The Community-PSS was valid, supporting four out of five hypotheses and in the expected directions. The Community-PSS was a valid and reliable tool in the sample and correlates with a previously validated PrEP stigma scale, HIV knowledge, PrEP knowledge, and likelihood of condom use with a partner on PrEP.